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RNA binding proteins

RNA-binding proteins have crucial roles in different cellular processes, especially the ones concerning the post-transcriptional control of RNAs, such as splicing, polyadenylation and mRNA localization and translation. Detecting RBPs, which exhibit highly specific recognition of their RNA targets by recognizing their sequences and structures, is important in order to understand the mechanisms involved in development, cellular differentiation, metabolism, health and disease.

RIP [edit]

[Gufo Silvia]

The RNA immunoprecipitation allows to study the physical association between individual proteins with specific nucleic acids such as mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and viral RNAs in vivo. It is based on the use of a specific antibody raised against the protein of interest to pull down the RBP and target-RNA complexes. Any RNA that is associated with this protein complex will also be isolated and can be directly measured using down-stream applications including quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), microarrays analysis (RIP-chip) and “deep-sequencing” or second generation sequencing based platforms (RIP-seq).

 

Several variants of the RIP technique exist and can be divided into two main classes: native and cross-linked RNA immunoprecipitation. The native RIP allows to reveal the identity of RNAs directly bound by the protein and their abundance in the immunoprecipitated sample, while cross-linked RIP leads to precisely map the direct and indirect binding site of the RBP of interest to the RNA molecule.

 

 

The image below shows the workflow of the RIP technique:

 

·      Advantages

The major advantage of RIP is that it is requires little specialized equipment or reagents.

 

·      Disadvantages

the disadvantages compared to CLIP include lack of actually RBP binding site identification, non-specific RNA interaction identification, and high signal-to-noise ratio.

CLIP  [edit]

[Anna Migni]

CLIP (cross-linking immunoprecipitation) is an antibody-based method used in order to analyse protein interactions with RNA or to precisely identify RNA modification sites.

CLIP differs from RIP in the use of  UV radiation to cross-link RNA binding proteins to the RNA that they are bound to.

It is useful to understand the role of RNA in transcription, slicing, translation but also to study RNA interference and gene regulation by non-coding RNAs.

Basic Principle of CLIP: 

the use of UV light promote the formation of a covalent bond between proximal proteins and RNA. It occurs only at the sites of direct contact and it preserves RNA-protein interaction

Advantages:

• The main advantage of CLIP is the high accuracy and specificity. UV cross-linking in fact, avoids protein-protein cross linking.
• Easy in the preparation of the samples

Limits: 

• CLIP protocol requires a large numeber of cells and tissues.
• UV light may cause mutation in DNA. 
• It requires a meticulous protocol, including bioinformatic analysis.

There are many variants of CLIP that can overcome the disadvantages and improve its features, depending on the aim.

Some esamples are PAR-CLIP, iCLIP, HITS-CLIP.

Workflow of iCLIP

Step 1: UV exposure to form covalent bound between proteins and RNA in direct contact. The cell is lisated and the protein of interest is detected by IP.

Step 2:  washing to remove free RNA and RNA raptors are added at the 3’ ends.

Step 3: Proteinase K digestion

Step 4: RT PCR

Step 5: Adapters are ligated at 5’ cDNA ends via circularization. Then restriction enzyme cleavage is performed to linearised cDNA.

Step 6: sequencing

If you want to have more details about this protocol:

HITS-CLIP [edit]

[Vittoria Berutto, Arianna Rizzo]

High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP, also known as CLIP-Seq) was developed as a genome wide mean to map protein-RNA binding sites. HITS-CLIP capitalizes on in vivo UV crosslinking of cells or tissues to form covalent bond between RNAs and proteins that are in direct contact. This step is followed by an immunopurification of the RNA-protein complexes of interest and finally next-generation sequencing of the isolated RNA tags.

In order to overcome the limitations of CLIP experiments (the small number of tags that are obtained can’t give any robust generalization about the nature of the RNA-protein interactions), it has been applied next-generation high throughput sequencing methods to CLIP: so, we can talk about HITS-CLIP. Analysis of the same RNA-protein interactions with HITS-CLIP yielded over 1000-fold more unique tags. Given the large (and ever-increasing) amounts of data available using next-generation sequencing technologies, bioinformatic analysis of raw tags is an important aspect of such studies.

This new technique, which utilizes in vivo UV crosslinking technologies and next-generation sequencing, has caught the attention of the RNA community as a means of achieving a new depth of understanding about how protein-RNA complexes interactions regulate gene expression in living cells.

Workflow of HITS-CLIP:

(a) UV irradiation of live cells or tissue induces RNA-protein cross-links (Steps 1–3) 

(b) Material is lysed, RNA is partially digested, and the target protein is immunopurified with antibody coupled to magnetic beads (Steps 4–17)

(c) Alkaline phosphatase treatment removes 3′ hydroxyl to permit 3′ linker ligation (Steps 18–20) 

(d) Radiolabeled (*) 3′ linker (red) is ligated to RNA tags (Steps 21 and 22) 

(e) Polynucleotide kinase treatment phosphorylates 5′ RNA ends, allowing subsequent
5′ linker ligation (Steps 23 and 24) 

(f) Complexes are eluted from beads and separated by SDS-PAGE. After transfer to nitrocellulose membrane, complexes are visualized by autoradiography (Steps 25–32). (g) RNA is extracted from the desired membrane region by protease treatment, and the 5′ linker (purple) is ligated to tags (Steps 33–52)

(h) Tags are amplified by RT-PCR (Steps 53–77)
(i) After the addition of sequencing adapters in a second PCR step, the samples are sequenced on the Illumina platform (Steps 78–87)

Advantages:

• Crosslinking stabilizes the protein-target binding
• UV crosslinking can be carried out in vivo 
• Provides low background and higher resolution of binding site, due to RNase digestion
• No prior knowledge of the RNA is required
• Genome-wide RNA screen

Disadvantages:

• Over-representation of the RT complement due to mispriming
• Antibodies not specific to the target may precipitate nonspecific complexesU
• UV crosslinking is not efficient and requires close protein-RNA interactions
• Artifacts may be introduced during the crosslinking process

 

PAR-CLIP  [edit]

[Audisio Alice]

Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Cross linking and Immunoprecipitation